Education and Career Forum

Discuss the Impact of urbanization in rural India? answer the following question in about 500 words.

Originally Posted by Willy Luvrze

Discuss the Impact of urbanization in rural India? answer the following question in about 500 words.

this is a big topic to be discussed about. hope that you could easily sort out you required data...........


you could also tell about increasing poverty in specific rural areas and lack of facilities in thinly populkated areas and also less employment and resources due to migration of people to urbanized areas or pls check the following data


Although the high rate of urbanization and the high incidence of rural poverty are two distinct features of many developing countries, we still do not know the effects of the former on the latter. We address this issue by exploring the mechanisms through which urbanization may alleviate rural poverty, disentangling "first round" effects, due to migration of rural poor to cities, and "second round" effects, due to positive externalities of city growth on surrounding rural areas. We test our theoretical predictions on a sample of Indian districts in the period 1981-1999, and find that urbanization has a substantial and systematic poverty reducing effect in surrounding rural areas. This effect is largely attributable to positive spillovers from urbanisation rather than to the movement of the rural poor to urban areas per se. Results using IV estimation suggest that this effect is causal in nature (from urbanisation to rural poverty).


pls check the link for extra info
http://www.spatialeconomics.ac.uk/textonly/serc/publications/download/sercdp0014.pdf



about urbanisation
Urbanization Causes and Effects
Urbanization
Urbanization refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of a society live in cities and the suburbs of cities. Historically, it has been closely connected with industrialization.
Industrialization is a process that extensively uses inanimate sources of energy to enhance human productivity.
Following industrialization, surpluses increased in both agriculture and industry. Larger and larger proportions of a population could live in cities. Economic forces were such that cities became the ideal places to locate factories and their workers.
City or Urban Settlement
A " city " refers to a place of relatively dense settlement -- dense enough so that city residents can not grow their own food resources. A city population, therefore, is always dependent upon its " hinterlands " to provide it with food resources.
Causes of Urbanization
Industrial Revolution
Industrialization following the Industrial Revolution
Emergence of large manufacturing centers
Job Opportunities
Availability of easy transportation
Migration
Chicago in 1820 Population 15
Chicago in 1898 Population 16,98,575
Effects of Urbanization
Positive
Negative
Pluses
Benefits include reduced transport costs, exchange of ideas, and sharing of natural resources.
Cities act as beacons for the rural population because they represent a higher standard of living
Cities offer opportunities to people not available in the countryside
Pluses
Social & Religious taboos/ sanctions disappearing
Education is a tool to eradicate social evils
Industrialization, Urbanization, Education, Legislation, Secularization-sequence of development
Diffusion of urban culture to rural areas
Minuses
Industrial cities were difficult places to live in due to:
Public health issues resulting from contaminated water and air and the spread communicable diseases due to overcrowding.
Unemployment and under employment
Severe shortage of housing
Transportation-commuting issues, lack of public transport, no adequate investment
Social effects - poverty, lack of opportunities, psychological problems, alcoholism, drugs, crime, violence and other deviant behaviors
Public health
Sanitation - the settlements were ill equipped to handle large populations and their sanitation needs
Pollution – Caused by effluents, smoke and smog
Fire hazards – due to use of flammable materials and proximity/ congestion
Epidemics - due to s pread of communicable diseases caused by contaminated water & air
Unemployment
Unemployment is the condition of willing workers lacking jobs or "gainful employment". Before industrialization unemployment has been said not to have been recognized as an issue in rural areas, despite the "disguised unemployment" of rural laborers having little to do, especially in conditions of overpopulation
Impact of unemployment on society
Individual – failure to meet financial obligations such as purchasing food to feed oneself and one's family, and paying one's bills, failure to make mortgage payments or to pay rent may lead to homelessness.
Societal - rising unemployment increases the crime rate
Housing
Overcrowding
Loss of privacy
Lack of housing contributes directly to crime, stress, and family breakdown
Shortage of livable housing leading to growth of slums
Human beings have a right to lead a life of dignity
Transportation
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another.
Because of the much higher densities of people and activities in cities, transportation is a key issue.
Inadequate/ lack of public transport creates commuting problems leading to loss of efficiency.
Social Effects - Poverty
Poverty is generally defined at the individual or family level as not having enough money to buy basic necessities.
Poverty is caused by lack of opportunities
Poverty causes malnutrition and illness; it is a major source of mental stress and loss of self-esteem which may lead to depression, and have a further negative impact on health.
Social Effects - Crime
Financial insecurity
No welfare systems in place
Lack of meaningful work (Low importance to meaningful work and high importance to higher profits and greater efficiency)
Anonymity -direct correlation between higher crime rate and higher rootlessness
Urbanization in India
In India, about 38% of the population lives in cities.
The process of urbanization is still nascent in the Indian context.
Ancient India was a civilized society with many urban centers and centers of learning.
Early Urbanization - Mohenjodaro
Harappa
Capitals - Kanauj
- Ujjain
Religious Centers - Bodh Gaya
- Varanashi
University towns - Takshasila
Nalanda
Mughal Cities
Agra
Lahore
Fatehpur Sikri
The seven cities of Delhi
Colonial Cities – Delhi, Pondicherry, Goa
Cantonment Towns – Bangalore, Secunderabad, Nagpur,Lucknow
Hill Resorts – Shimla, Nainital, Darjeeling, Ooty, Kodaikanal
Ports – Surat, Mumbai, Calicut, Kolkatta, Vizag, Chennai
Effects of Colonization
Introduction of Western systems of education
Macaulization (after Lord Macaulay) of Indian Education
Development of labor force- skilled/ unskilled
Independent India
Administrative capitals – Center & State
Industrial Towns – Bhilai, Rourkela, Jamshedpur, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kolar
Today
Megacities – Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkatta, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad
Rapid Urbanization- rate of urbanization increasing
The process of urbanization is still nascent in the Indian context.
This explains the focus of global attention on the developing nations.
There are huge profits to be made in the process of development.

Define urban community and discuss the impact of urbanisation on the lives of rural people.